CCCM - Shelter and NFI

At the beginning of 2023, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Nigeria, in collaboration with other sectors, introduced the activity-based Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) methodology. This approach has now evolved into the Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan (HNRP) for 2025, specifically for the North-East Nigeria response. Consequently, partners must submit their agency activities on the Humanitarian Program Cycle (HPC) projects module platform. This document is intended to serve as a reference for operational planning and implementation.
This guidance note aims to guide the Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM) partners on the priorities for the 2025 Humanitarian Program Cycle. It elaborates on the sector's prioritized needs and planned responses based on recent analyses from the sector's Site Tracker, Sectoral Needs and Risk Assessment (SNRA), and Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) assessments. Additionally, it provides guidance on harmonizing responses to situations in Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) camps and host community sites using the out of camp approaches (Area Based Approach), implementing specific objectives, and developing the operational strategy for CCCM partners in North-East Nigeria.
According to the recent data, there are 2.51 million people including IDPs and returnees in need of CCCM responses across the Borno, Adamawa and Yobe States. These are case load is found in camps/camp-like settings, including reception centers and return locations.
The CCCM caseload was determined using partners' site profile assessments, estimates of people in inaccessible areas, and baseline trend analysis of new arrivals and population movements, including DTM and Emergency Tracking Tool (ETT) assessments.
In North-East Nigeria, the inadequate camp management systems, characterized by reduced funding levels that only allow for soft CCCM components, have significantly impeded equal and dignified access to basic humanitarian responses, including the protection of displaced populations.
Approximately 36,539 households, comprising 185,399 individual IDPs, and over 157,000 returnee households reside in camps, camp-like settings, and host communities with either no access or limited access to CCCM coverage or basic humanitarian services.
Dilapidated basic camp infrastructure and reception centers; silt-filled water channels; a lack of sufficient trenching in IDP sites; a lack of fire breaks; and appropriate mitigation materials, coupled with densely populated sites, have led to extremely undignified living conditions that hinder the safety, protection, and dignity of displaced persons.
Over 139,256 IDPs in need of CCCM response reside in highly congested camps. Additionally, 64 IDP sites, hosting 108,201 IDPs, are at high or severe risk of flooding, while 137 IDP sites, with 555,384 IDPs, face a moderate risk of flooding, according to the sector's flood vulnerability mapping.

Starting in 2025, the North-East will implement a hybrid model that incorporates both Project and Activity-Based Costing (ABC) methodologies within the Humanitarian Need Response Plan (HNRP). This document serves as a guide for operational planning and implementation for sector partners, who will need to submit their projects through the Humanitarian Program Cycle (HPC) projects module.
The main goal of this document is to supplement the chapters previously published in the HNRP documents. It also aims to improve the understanding of Shelter/NFI partners regarding the priorities for the 2025 Humanitarian Program Cycle, as identified in the recent Sectoral Needs and Risk Assessment (SNRA), Site Tracker, and Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) assessments. Additionally, this document is a valuable resource for the operational strategies of all Shelter/NFI partners in Nigeria.

This document focuses on assessing Local Building Cultures (LBC) to support Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and housing solutions in conflict and post-conflict situations. It aims to identify the strengths, limitations, and potential of LBC, adapting them when necessary for housing reconstruction, retrofitting, and improvement projects. Given the dynamic challenges communities face—such as conflict, climate change, urbanization, and evolving socio-cultural attitudes local practices, while valuable, often require adaptation. The approach emphasizes finding practical, locally manageable solutions and minimizing excessive innovation to promote sustainable development and resilience. This document is part of a broader toolkit developed to contextualize shelter responses, including Safe Reconstruction Practices (SRPs). It aligns with the protocol “Informing Choice for Better Shelter,” specifically in its first step, “Understanding the Context,” created by the Global Shelter Cluster’s “Promoting Safer Building Working Group,” now transitioned to the Recovery Community of Practice.

SITUATIONAL OVERVIEW

The wake of windstorms, heavy rains and flood events of this year have by 28th August 2024, directly affected over 45,808 households (186,370 individuals) with 29 individuals dead and several injured across 66 IDP sites and 311 host communities in 34 LGAs in Borno, 18 LGAs in Adamawa, and 3 LGAs in Yobe states. These incidents resulted in varying degrees of damage to camp infrastructure, including 49,730 shelters, safe spaces, and WASH facilities (600 water points, 1,200 latrines, and 800 showers). In comparison to 2023, this year there is a 19% increase on the number of affected individuals. The government is actively involved in addressing the flooding situation, with SEMA (State Emergency Management Agency) advocating for collective mobilization of resources to respond to the vulnerable populations. Challenges highlighted by partners such as blocked drainage systems exacerbating the flooding situation. Recommendations were made for creating and maintaining drainage systems to mitigate flooding impacts underscoring the severity of the flooding situation and the collective efforts needed to address the challenges faced by affected communities. Women, children, and the elderly have been disproportionately affected by these incidents, with many families now further exposed to undignified living conditions and sleeping in open or crowded spaces, exposing them to protection and health risks. In the recent incidents, Borno was the worst-hit, accounting for 137,520 IDPs directly affected, followed by Yobe (31,913) and then Adamawa (11,686). A total of 51,958 shelters/houses were damaged by either flood or windstorm, leaving 45,808 households (29,381 in Borno State, 14,464 in Yobe, and 1,963 in Adamawa State) in immediate need of shelter. Various community infrastructures such as roads, bridges, farmlands, and schools were also impacted, increasing the community’s vulnerability. There were urgent appeals for support to assist the flood-affected populations, emphasizing the need for any kind of support, including technical advice and resources. The response to the flooding has been limited, with a response rate of less than 1%. Efforts include pumping out water and providing sandbags. The recent destruction caused by the rainy season has significantly increased the caseload, putting additional pressure on the ongoing humanitarian efforts for over a million IDPs across the three states. Urgent attention to locations such as Monguno, Damboa, Dikwa, Kalabalge, Mafa, and Gubio to avert further suffering.

In North-East Nigeria, harsh weather conditions, including floods and windstorms, are worsening the living conditions for over a million internally displaced persons (IDPs) across Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe (BAY) states. Since April 2024, these events have caused deaths, injuries, and significant damage to camp infrastructure, including shelters and WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) facilities, with a 7% increase in incidents compared to the same period last year. As of August 26, 2024, 35,014 households (158,625 individuals), mainly women and children, have been affected across 69 IDP sites and 136 host communities. Borno has been the worst hit, accounting for 84% of the incidents. The increasing caseload and new arrivals in IDP sites are overwhelming an already strained humanitarian response. Borno alone hosts 82% of all IDPs in BAY states, with over 2 million individuals in 214 camps and 470 host communities. The rainy season continues to exacerbate the situation, with 299,008 households in 148 flood-prone areas requiring urgent assistance. Additionally, 1.07 million IDPs and returnees in 1,228 locations are at risk. The inability to meet shelter and non-food item (NFI) needs, particularly in terms of sanitation and safe water, has led to severe health risks, including disease outbreaks and malnutrition. Currently, 47% of water facilities and 71% of sanitation facilities are partially or non-functional across 145 assessed IDP sites, leaving nearly a million people in extreme conditions. The CCCM, Shelter, NFI, and WASH sectors, which are among the least funded, are advocating for increased resources to address these urgent needs and improve protection for the most vulnerable. Priority humanitarian needs include shelter, clean water, sanitation, food, healthcare, and efforts to prevent disease outbreaks, with a focus on preparedness and recovery in flood-affected areas.

SITUATIONAL OVERVIEW

Between April and July 2024, heavy windstorms (46), flooding (66), and windstorms accompanied with flooding (115) incidents directly affected 26,493 HHs (124,275 individuals) across 56 IDP sites in 14 LGAs in Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe states. These incidents resulted in varying degrees of damage to camp infrastructure, including shelters, safe spaces, and WASH facilities (latrines and showers). The number of such incidents recorded during this period is 7% increase from the same period last year. As of the end of July, 5% of the affected population had received some form of shelter and NFI responses. Overall, the multi-sectorial response was inadequate across the affected sites. The recent destruction caused by the rainy season has significantly increased the caseload, putting additional pressure on the ongoing humanitarian efforts for over a million IDPs across the three states.

Disproportionately affected by these incidents are women, children, and the elderly, with many families now further exposed to undignified living conditions and sleeping in open or crowded spaces, exposing them to protection and health risks.

In the recent incidents, Borno was the worst-hit, accounting for 114,747 IDPs directly affected, followed by Yobe (9,419) then Adamawa (309). 51 IDP sites and 134 host communities were flooded.

A total, 26,779 shelters were damaged by either flood or windstorm, leaving a total of 24,463 households (22,777 in Borno State, 3,670 in Yobe, and 46 in Adamawa State) in immediate need of shelter.

This year's rainy season forecasts heavy rainfall and windstorms that could significantly affect people in camps and host communities, impeding humanitarian aid access while increasing demand across identified flood-prone areas. According to the Flood Vulnerability Mapping analysis, an estimated 299,008 households (representing 623,007individuals) reside in 148 areas highly susceptible to flooding, necessitating urgent humanitarian assistance across Borno (162,571 HH), Adamawa (2,608 HH), and Yobe (2,027 HH). Additionally, 1,228 locations hosting 1,070,552 internally displaced persons (IDPs) and IDP returnees within host communities are also at risk.

The CCCM, Shelter, and NFI Sector is focusing on strengthening early response capacity and underlying preparedness actions based on anticipated shocks to avoid further threats to vulnerable individuals. Priority humanitarian needs include shelter, access to clean water and sanitation, food, health care, and interventions to prevent or address disease outbreaks, such as cholera. In areas where flooding incidents have decreased, the focus is on recovery efforts.

HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE

To enhance preparedness and contingency planning in the North-East region, the CCCM, Sector, and NFI sector published the flood vulnerability maps and analysis earlier in the year before the onset of the rainy season.

Out of the 28,386 shelters accomodating 26,493 households affected by windstorms and flooding, 28 HHs have received shelter and NFI responses. At the time of publication, commitments were received from different sector partners, including RRF. The sector is still advocating for responses for over 26,000HH. The CCCM, Shelter, and NFI, albeit with a low response attributed to funding among partners, continue to advocate for responses.

OVERVIEW

Between April and 31 July 2024, heavy windstorms (46), windstorms accompanied by flooding (115), and flooding (67) incidents directly affected 26,493 households (HHs) (124,495 individuals) across 56 internally displaced people (IDP) sites in Borno, and Adamawa states. These incidents resulted in varying degrees of damage to camp infrastructure, including shelters, safe spaces, and WASH facilities (latrines and showers). This has further weakened the IDP’s resilience and ability to cope with the vulnerabilities that come with displacement. The number of such incidents recorded during this period represents a seven percent increase in severity and occurrence compared to the same period last year.

As of July 31, 2024, the majority of the affected population has not received any form of shelter or NFI responses. The lack of funding, exhausted sector stocks, and increasing demand for assistance limited the capacity to adequately attend to the vulnerable population's emerging needs. 28,386 shelters were damaged, with Borno State being the worst hit, with 24,670 affected households, followed by Yobe 3,670, and Adamawa 46. Overall, the multi-sectorial response was inadequate across all the affected sites.

These caseloads put a constrain on the already overstretched response for over a million existing/old IDPs caseload across the three states as detailed below:

Shelter Needs in Camps and Out of Camps: 214,270 HHs (83,314 HHs in host communities and 130,956 HHs in camps) require shelter assistance across Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe states. Out of those living in camps, 2,485 HHs have no shelter or live in damaged emergency shelters, while 128,471 HHs live in makeshift shelters, shared facilities, or public facilities.

In the north-east of Nigeria, the increasing fire outbreak incidents in IDP camp settings continue to exacerbate the already overstretched humanitarian responses, further increasing the vulnerability of the affected population. Between January and June 2024, 97 reported fire outbreaks affected a total of 12,376 households (HHs), representing 59,037 individuals across 32 IDP sites in Borno State.

32 causalities were reported during these incidents. The fire incident destroyed 11,639 shelters (emergency or self-made/makeshift units), with most of the affected population losing their belongings, including registration, food ration, and/or biometric identification cards, and food and non-food items.

The fire outbreaks exacerbated the humanitarian needs for 53,627 individuals, mainly women and children, being exposed to further undignified living conditions like sleeping in open or crowded spaces, which expose them to protection and health risks.

General Overview:

• Between January and 22nd July 2024, heavy windstorms (44), flooding (34), and firebreak (97) incidents directly affected 36,134 HHs (183,792 individuals) across 92 IDP sites in 18 LGAs across Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe states. These incidents resulted in varying degrees of damage to camp infrastructure, including shelters, safe spaces, and WASH facilities (latrines and showers). The sector also recorded incidents of forceful evictions due to unresolved Housing, Land, and Property (HLP) issues across the three states.

All of these occurrences, an increase of 7% from the same period last year, triggered increased demand for humanitarian responses, increasing the vulnerability of the already displaced populations. As of 22nd July, 4% of the affected population had received some form of shelter and NFI responses. Overall, the multi-sectorial response was inadequate across the affected sites.These caseloads put strain on the already overstretched response for over a million IDPs across the three states.

Floods or windstorms recorded in 49 IDP sites damaged a total of 22,928 shelters, leaving 20,612 households (20,566 HHs in Borno, and 46 HHs in Adamawa) in immediate need of shelter.

This year's rainy season forecasts heavy rainfall and windstorms that could significantly affect people in camps and host communities, impeding humanitarian aid access while increasing demand across identified flood-prone areas. According to the Flood Vulnerability Mapping analysis, an estimated 167,251 households (representing 710,988 individuals) reside in 148 areas highly susceptible to flooding, necessitating urgent humanitarian assistance across Borno (162,571 HH), Adamawa (2,608 HH), and Yobe (2,027 HH). Additionally, 1,228 locations hosting 1,070,552 internally displaced persons (IDPs) and IDP returnees within host communities are also at risk.

The CCCM, Shelter and NFI Sector is focusing on strengthening early response capacity and underlying preparedness actions based on the anticipated shocks to avoid further threats to vulnerable individuals. Priority humanitarian needs include shelter, NFIs, access to clean water and sanitation, food, health care, and cash interventions to prevent or address disease outbreaks, such as cholera and malaria. In areas where the different is displacement triggers have decreased, the sector's response would focus on recovery.

BACKGROUND

Over a decade into the conflict, the humanitarian crisis in north-east Nigeria remains high due to protracted crises characterized by severe protection concerns, heightened health risks, and daily threats to the well-being of displaced populations.

As of June 2024, the Borno State government has facilitated closure and, in some cases, partial relocation for 17 IDP sites affecting 35,522 HHs representing 166,775 individuals. Borno state has 215 IDP camps (62 formal, 153 informal sites) and 473 host community sites representing 372,139 HHs (1,711,481 individuals).

Out the overall IDP population in the BAY states, the majority of the IDPs in Borno’s 88% come from within Borno 82%, Adamawa 3% and Yobe 3%, the 8% in Adamawa 7.8% are from within Adamawa and 0.1% from Borno while the 4.8% IDPs in Yobe 4.6 are from within Yobe and 0.2% from Borno and 0.02 from Adamawa.

The camp closure by the Borno State Government has also resulted in spontaneous sites around urban and peri-urban areas, or influx in existing camps thus spiking humanitarian needs.

Highlight

• 7 Reception centers in Borno State located in Pulka, Ngala, Monguno, Banki, Gwoza, and Dikwa LGAs.

• Presently, all the facilities have exceeded their carrying capacity.

• The Reception Centers are hosting 8,090 households of 21,555 IDPs (6,630 girls, 5,980 boys, 5,505 women and 2,519 men)

• 466 households in Monguno and Pulka are sleeping outside in the cold without basic needs in overcrowding, inadequate protection, and health risks with no concise exit plan.

• Lack of services in areas of return/relocation (some of the IDPs from closed sites), safety and security, unresolved HLP issues, and a general lack of access to humanitarian assistance were some of the main drivers of population movement into RC.

• Limited response from partners (multi-sectorial) response.

• The Borno State Government (BSG), as part of its IDP relocation programme, has closed or partially closed/relocated 17 IDP camps in Jere, Konduga, Ngala, and Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC) LGAs between May 2021 and 30 June 2024, impacting 35,522 households, or 166,775 individuals. The state issued a directive that all official IDP camps will be closed by the end of December 2024 or within the term of office by 2027.

• Borno State presently has 82% of all IDP population across BAY States, with 215 IDP camps (62 formal and 153 informal sites), and 473 host community sites, with an estimated 372,139 HHs (1,711,481 individuals).

• In a recent return assessment by the IOM DTM, 37% of respondents indicated the desire to return to their homes of origin while 38% indicated the hope to integrate into their areas of displacement.

• Since January 2024, an estimated 1,623 HHs, or 8,115 individuals, have been relocated across various LGAs of Borno.

Internal displacement in Nigeria has been ongoing for 13 years. It is estimated that around 2.2 million persons have been displaced inside the country as a direct result of the insurgency, and where North-east Nigeria accounts for the most significant number of IDPs reported. Per the latest Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) round 44 published in June 2023, there were 2,388,703 IDPs recorded in the affected states of North-east Nigeria.

The IDPs assessed were living in camp and camp-like settings in Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe (BAY) states. The displaced families are currently being hosted in temporary settlement options such as formal camps, informal camps, host communities, and reception centres where living conditions fall short of the minimum standards with persistent exposure to protection, health, and environmental risks for over a decade across 14 Local Government Areas (LGAs).

Finding lasting solutions to displacement has been on the agenda of the government of Nigeria. Specifically, the Borno State Government adopted a returns and relocations strategyto support recovery and long-lasting solutions for the displaced families living in Borno. The state government initiated camp closures in Maiduguri, Jere, and Konduga in 2021, with ten IDP sites, including one informal site, closed between September and December 2022.
Gaining momentum are discourses around finding a last solution to displacement in North-east Nigeria in areas deemed safe and suitable for return. Subsequently, there have been advocacy efforts to promote people-centred solutions and strategic collaboration to facilitate voluntary movements of families to host communities and return communities.

In response to the government’s intentions to close camps and focus on recovery and long-lasting solutions, the CCCM, Shelter, and NFI Sector and through consultation with relevant state agencies, local government, and humanitarian partners, including the UN, INGOs, and national NGOs, developed a Camp Closure Strategy as a strategic guide for strengthening accountability for the affected population during camp closures. The strategy provides guidelines to implement planned camp closures and facilitate the transition towards durable solutions for the displaced families in North-east Nigeria.

Overview

This year's rainy season is predicted to start from May to September with an expectation that the rainfall and storm events will negatively impact the living conditions of displaced people in camps and host communities. including hampered access for humanitarian aid actors in the most vulnerable locations.

To strengthen anticipatory action in the North-East region, the CCCM, Sector and NFI sector present the flood vulnerability mapping to provide technical support and advice to humani-tarian responders and authorities to promote a better understanding of flood risks and ensure that appropriate mitigation measures are deployed.

The information provided highlights the different levels of vulnerability, the severity of needs, and prioritized locations for preparedness and response activities. The vulnerability analysis mapping and gap assessment were done using field assessments, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), soil drainage assessments, a review of arrivals trends, recorded site tracker submis-sions and data from 2016 to 2023 flood and storm events.

Based on the analysis, an estimated 299,008 HHs (623,007 individuals with 78% being women and children) live in 148 Highly Probable Flood Risks Areas requiring immediate humanitari-an support.

A further 1,228 locations hosting 1,070,552 IDP in host communities are at risk

1. Purpose: This SOP outlines the procedures to be followed by the CCCM & ESNFI Sector and its partners for the activation of responses in the event of sudden shocks, such as natural disasters, displacement, or any other emergency. It aims to ensure a coordinated and timely response to emergencies while adhering to CCCM & ESNFI Sector guidelines and principles.

2. Scope: This SOP is a protocol and applies to all entities within the CCCM & ESNFI Sector during sudden shocks. All entities are expected to adhere to the procedures and actions set out in this protocol.

3. Responsibilities:

   i. CCCM Sector Partners (Camp Management Agency): Enagage in the coordination and implementation of the first-line response to the directly affected population, either at the site or LGA level.

   ii. Committed Sector Partners (CCCM & E-Shelter and NFI implementing Sector Partners): Provides resources at site or state level in coordination with the sector.

   iii. CCCM &SNFI Sector:

   a) Coordinate advocacy at all level.

   b) Assess the situation, analyze needs, and liaise with all partners from site to state level.

   c) Support in activation of RRM and RRF and in making decisions regarding the release of resources from the stockpile/prepositioned from Agency of last resort.

   iv. RRM and RRF: support resources upon request by CCCM & ESNFI Sector after the activation of rapid response if sector partners has no capacity with clear justification to be able to give priority to needs on a deteriorating situation.

In the north-east of Nigeria, the increasing fire outbreak incidents in IDP camp settings continue to exacerbate the already overstretched humanitarian responses, further increasing the vulnerability of the affected population. Between November 2023 and March 2024, 80 reported fire outbreaks affected a total of 8,814 households (HHs), representing 44,095 individuals across 35 IDP sites in Borno State. 27 causalities were reported during these incidents. Cases recorded represent an increasing trend, with February recording the highest incidents 32, with March record-ing 23 incidents so far. The fire incident destroyed 8,857 shelters (emergency or self-made/makeshift units), with most of the affected population losing their belong-ings, including registration, food ration, and/or biometric identification cards, and food and non-food items.
The fire outbreaks exacerbated the humanitarian needs for 44,045 individuals, mainly women and children, being exposed to further undignified living conditions like sleep-ing in open or crowded spaces, which expose them to protection and health risks.